International Journal of Technology and Applied Science

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The Legitimacy Paradox: How AI Surveillance Reshapes Citizen Trust in Indian Public Administration

Author(s) Lt. Dr. Kongala Sukumar
Country India
Abstract As Indian public administration increasingly deploys artificial intelligence for surveillance, service delivery, and predictive governance, a paradox emerges: technologies introduced to enhance state legitimacy through efficiency and accountability simultaneously erode the very trust they are meant to build. This paper examines what is termed here the "legitimacy paradox" — the tension between the instrumental legitimacy that AI surveillance systems generate through improved service outcomes, and the normative legitimacy they undermine through opacity, function creep, and diminished citizen agency. Drawing on legitimacy theory, algorithmic governance scholarship, and India's evolving regulatory landscape under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, the paper analyzes facial recognition deployment, predictive policing initiatives such as CCTNS 2.0, and biometric identity infrastructure including DigiYatra and Aadhaar-linked authentication. It argues that legitimacy in AI-mediated governance is not a fixed property but a continuously negotiated relationship shaped by transparency, procedural fairness, and redress mechanisms. The paper develops a three-dimensional framework — input, throughput, and output legitimacy — to analyze how AI surveillance systems in India succeed at output-oriented efficiency while failing at throughput-oriented accountability. It concludes with institutional recommendations for calibrating AI governance so that it sustains, rather than erodes, citizen trust in an expanding surveillance state.
Keywords AI surveillance; algorithmic legitimacy; citizen trust; public administration; India; Digital Personal Data Protection Act; predictive policing.
Published In Volume 14, Issue 12, December 2023
Published On 2023-12-02
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Crossref DOI prefix of IJTAS is 10.71097/IJTAS

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