International Journal of Technology and Applied Science

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Organochlorine Pesticide Exposure Induces Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Disruption in Laboratory Animal Models: A Review of Mechanisms and Evidence

Author(s) S. Srinath Patel
Country India
Abstract Insulin resistance and its downstream metabolic sequelae, including type 2 diabetes and obesity, have risen in parallel with widespread environmental contamination by persistent organic pollutants. Among these, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite DDE, chlordane, dieldrin, and hexachlorobenzene remain detectable in soil, water, and adipose tissue decades after regulatory restriction, owing to their lipophilicity and resistance to degradation. This review synthesises evidence from laboratory animal and cell-based models demonstrating that OCP exposure disrupts glucose homeostasis through multiple, interacting mechanisms: aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and interference with PPARĪ³-dependent adipogenesis, oxidative stress and serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibition, adipose tissue remodelling with macrophage infiltration, low-grade systemic inflammation, pancreatic beta-cell secretory dysfunction, and gut microbiota disruption. Rodent studies exposed to environmentally relevant organochlorine mixtures consistently show impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity, visceral adiposity, and hepatic steatosis, while in vitro beta-cell models reveal direct impairment of insulin synthesis and secretion. Collectively, the evidence supports a causal, mechanistically plausible role for organochlorine pesticide exposure in the aetiology of insulin resistance, independent of dietary energy balance. The review highlights persisting gaps concerning mixture effects, dose-response thresholds at environmentally realistic exposure levels, and sex-specific vulnerability, and underscores the continued public health relevance of legacy pesticide residues.
Keywords organochlorine pesticides; insulin resistance; metabolic disruption; animal models; endocrine disruption; oxidative stress; adipose tissue; type 2 diabetes.
Published In Volume 13, Issue 10, October 2022
Published On 2022-10-07
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Crossref DOI prefix of IJTAS is 10.71097/IJTAS

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