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Pragmatic Power: How China's Energy Security Drives Its Foreign Policy Strategy

Author(s) Ms. Olivia M. Pfaff
Country United Kingdom
Abstract China is the world's largest energy consumer, importing approximately 72% of its oil and relying on fossil fuels for over 80% of its primary energy supply. This structural dependency on physical energy resources — coal, oil, natural gas, and an expanding renewable portfolio — creates fundamental vulnerabilities in China's energy security that directly shape its bilateral relationships and geopolitical strategy. This paper examines how China's physical energy demands and supply chain dependencies drive its foreign policy decisions, analysing three bilateral case studies — China's energy relationships with Russia, Iran, and the United States — through a pragmatic energy security framework. The analysis demonstrates that China's engagement with energy suppliers is governed by the logic of resource access over ideological alignment: its non-interference policy, strategic use of the Belt and Road Initiative as an energy infrastructure instrument, and pivot away from the United States are all coherent expressions of an energy-driven foreign policy logic. Drawing on China's Five-Year Plans, renewable energy legislation, and fossil fuel import data, the paper further examines China's managed transition from coal dependency towards renewable energy, and the implications of that transition for its existing energy partnerships. The paper contributes to the scholarly debate on the relationship between physical resource dependency, energy infrastructure, and state behaviour, offering a case-study-grounded argument that energy security has become the organising principle of China's contemporary geopolitical strategy.
Keywords Energy, Securitization, China, Russia, Crude Oil, oil imports, energy infrastructure, fossil fuels, energy transition, supply chain security
Field Physics > Energy
Published In Volume 17, Issue 6, June 2026
Published On 2026-06-04
DOI https://doi.org/10.71097/IJTAS.v17.i6.1332
Short DOI https://doi.org/hb6kh2
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